China's brilliant footsteps tools

 China implements the brilliant tracks [2]
visit to in the envelope all the categories of Chinese traditional tools to study the current tools can see the relevant information on the history of literature and artifacts to explore the development of China's true face of farm implements, tools development, customer research the customs laws, in Qucuqujing, Quweicunzhen principle, the history of the development tools for the context; the dynastic order of development, in turn divided into rapid development Each section of farm implements and tools of reason and integrity of the event. For a representative or symbol of the many traditional tools, such as building cars, plows, etc., of their origin and evolution of many new ideas put forward, the conclusions drawn many new to explore and address a number of studies in the long history of tangled tools, or the outstanding issues. In the history of research tools created many Old farm tools monograph He even raised: the human approach is not to create artificial fire, ; wood and stone, and with the times artistic point of interest in the history of farm implements.
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Mr. Zhou Xin times in his discussion of primitive agriculture tools for agricultural production, said the origin and background of the times: the universe condensed from the nebula, a not too great natural objects on earth one by one, through the Archean, Paleozoic, life on behalf of, on behalf of past students from single-cell algae, through millions of years of development, and finally the primates evolved, and evolved on this basis out of that thinking, to use the tools of the anthropology called Homo erectus, an early Paleolithic, dating back some hundred and sixty million years or so. in China are mainly found in Yuanmou Man, Lantian Man, Peking Man and the Longtan Cave Man, Jinniushan persons. ancients Paleolithic period is the mid-stages of anthropology, said early Homo sapiens, dating back about twenty million years, is now mainly found in the small village, Maba Man, Changyang and Xujiayao people. new stage an Upper Paleolithic, dating back thousands of years in between 10000-10, anthropology, said the late stage of Homo sapiens, there are Upper Cave, Ziyang people, the Loop people, Liujiang persons. Paleolithic, the tools used by humans , which is characterized by: few varieties and forms of more stringent requirements on the form is not the main material for the stone and wood, and animal bones, or clams and so on. its origin in part from natural selection, in part through a simple process in use. but no specific use has been focused in the fishing and hunting, gathering, combat and processing tools, various tools can be mixed with each other, after using it does not save much, throw, and then re-re-election. These tools are not names, are archaeologists are in accordance with the usage of whom were named: choppers, scrapers, throwers, Miner, jab, etc.. Some of these tools was originally used to collect, so already has some of the early agricultural Characteristics of farm tools. It is late Paleolithic tools, laid the basis for the evolution of the tools. Our ancestors is to rely on these simple tools to open the door to agriculture.
went on to China's Yangtze River, Yellow River south of the Yangtze River and Yellow River north of the origin of the four major agricultural and agricultural origin and initial development of tools were simple, saying, pointed out: China is not homologous to the origin of tools, but many sources; not the point, but multi-point. Mr. highlighted: the legendary Shen Nong is Neolithic in early and middle agricultural period. as the main body of women in this matriarchal society, women are led by their own clan fighting the same day, the same against the earth, in the struggle to know the practice of grain, to understand the cultivation, the invention of tools, learn animal husbandry to learn about medicine, even with primary commodity exchange. this time in agriculture and animal husbandry, and agriculture and animal husbandry constantly sum up experience and lessons, which have a variety of inventions and discoveries are the main the majority of women. so true of the Chinese nation The main agricultural civilization not create man but a woman; as a symbol of this era Shen Nong, not only men, women. Of course, the image of Shen Nong is only the embodiment of the masses of working women, Shen Nong Where? Shen Nong the origin of agriculture in China earth; Shen Nong in the original history of agriculture thousands of years; Shen Nong Chinese living in primitive agriculture in all the cultural sites. Shennong the Mingzi is symbol of an era, does not require tedious research is a real person.
then were made to the original research and discussion tools. He said: From the perspective of historical development, axes, adze, chisel, in most cases should be areas are hand tools, but when the stage of primitive agriculture in slash and burn, axes, adze, chisel should be seen as a land development tools. should be included in the tools category. ax, adze, chisel the longest in history to use the tools one of its production of materials, generally in three stages: the first stage, from the late Paleolithic to early Neolithic, as the stone axes, adze, chisel stage, all with stone production. slavery and for the stone metal (copper) system axes, adze, chisel cross-use stage, but also stone axes, adze, chisel from the more to less, and gradually dying stage. enter the feudal era, the iron ax, adze, chisel, and completely replaced the stone most of the copper, is the third stage. ax, adze, chisel the property, but also can be divided into three phases. The first stage is a tool of that stone axes, adze, chisel until after the invention of agriculture to enter. This When the ax, adze, chisel mainly for the production of tools and apparatus, and sometimes also used to collect and battle, there is no property tools. The second stage is a tool that implements cross-period, that after the invention of primitive agriculture, with the slash and burn farming way, axes, adze, chisel become weeds cut down trees, digging roots, Ken split the main tool wasteland, which has the properties of the tools, but as a processing tool for other tools and equipment property has not disappeared. this time about a considerable in the Neolithic Age. The third stage, with the gradual reduction of slash and burn farming methods, until the basic die, axes, adze, chisel there is no longer useless in agricultural processing, farm tools lost property and re-used exclusively as a processing tools, farm tools and other artifacts of the tools. This is roughly equivalent to the history of slavery. the feudal era, ax, adze, chisel full access to the iron production, no longer belongs to the tools.
for the early primitive agriculture tools used in field operations - plow, plow, Lei Si, sir that is has long been the subject of much academic attention, many differences, of very deeply. done a lot of study, Mr. said: Lei is primary agriculture is an important early use of tools, from the collection over time. The basic form is a suitable holding the stick, the stick cut into one end or both ends or the firing point-like top. wood rods can be straight, you can also slightly bent, were selected natural raw materials, not to force processing. main function is to Chuochu holes in the ground to sow the cavity. also be used for digging a small area. stick is to produce Lei the main material, but also a small part of the plow is made of animal bones or sharp stones. Lei, as the characters, except for radical, its intent is to refer to this primitive era of the oldest tools, or even that this original name tools. generally considered This polysemous words, will become an increasingly widespread use, in order to reduce confusion, easy to distinguish, so it gave the bending of the stick with pedal crossbar, and the other made a special word In this sense the Lei to the original independent tools. mostly stone, but also bone, mussels and wood. form of irregular, mostly leaf-shaped or round sheet approximate stone, one side edge, the other side of the handle thick or slightly smaller to hand. main function is to dig, dig soil, should be included in cultivated farm implements, and Lei became loaded with double-handle tools, should be called Agricultural Age to the Early Bronze Age in the late cultivated important tools, the main function is to dig, dig, but also a small amount from the soil by the plow, plow a combination of two kinds of farm tools, farm implements many of the original double-edged one ancestors. Lei Lei Si into the handle; plow blade into Leisi head (working part). Leisi body is not fixed, handle of wood, which can be straight, you can also slightly bent. blade head can be a stone, bone system, mussels and wood plates of various irregular shaped objects. Leisi is a constantly changing tools groups, to ensure a structure with a knife under the premise of head size and blade geometry is not strictly required . When the first blade has a certain geometry, the Leisi tools to evolve into another. the history of the formation of stereotypes Leisi not preserved.
shovel Leisi evolved from one of the tools.
shovel Add Knife (Dao) and form of the word, which means Chan is grass with a knife, but also kill the grass off of it. Therefore, the ; Chan, until the Xia and Shang Zhou era, have been widely used, is proven by historical facts parties. shovel as (Chan) of the tools may already exist. so pre-Qin era, gradually replaced the common word > For the shovel to the conclusion that: Diao, important tools in the pre-Qin is one; Diao tools and money are two of the same name; after the name of money for money, do not reuse the name of the money for tools; Diao and shovel , Siu Dou (庣 bucket) that implements the words when the meaning is the same variant; Diao there is another meaning of the word, but only that a particular word shovel tools. spades and two 鍫 writing the same word, Zhao is also fighting the same fight and 庣 two words written; in that farm tools, the use of 1, Bo, hoe are all similar with the hoe weeding tools; 2, and Nou Nou, Nou is a variant; Bo and Bo is the variant forms. Bo, Hao has used the Bo, Hao has made with the metal. but hoe is also useful hoe is the same tools, the structure is basically the same. But there are differences between the three, hoe is standing operations (Li and gather), so the handle should be long; Bo, hoe is bent or a quick fix with the operation of the body (slouch pull out), so To handle short (hoe handle feet). the appropriate size will be some differences between the first board .4, because of these differences, so though they are used for weed control, but the use of the environment and the crop will be different objects .5, the ancient The name is often the tools can be a noun, but also can be a verb, a noun that the tools of the name, or a name of tillage; as a verb that use this tools .6 engaged in agricultural activities, the ancient hoe, Quality materials have been used mussels. which earlier had with the ; grass (Lv) Kao Gong Ji use more, but rarely have unearthed reports, because Bo, hoe, hoe head is basically the same shape, but size is different and very difficult to handle with the head also unearthed, while most of the unearthed artifacts such named hoe, very few named Bo, Nou. coupled with an old clock, also known as Business Western Zhou Dynasty, Bo, the shape should be and hoe hoe (not crane the neck hoe) is similar to handle security methods should be handle with the head vertically, blade and the handle was painted hoe, Bo, Nou map is not the appropriate tools in the shape of this era, but after the invention of the shape of cranes neck hoe, so this figure can not be applied to the Xia and Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty .10, Bo, hoe in some time and space also There are some aliases, such as kinds of genetic relationship.
harvest times of primitive agriculture tools and more tools being included in the knives. sickle is a knife, the cutting tools Wo spike in history has not disappeared, after the invention of metal, copper appears sickle, iron sickle, still and stone sickle, sickle shape is basically the same pottery. Jian sickle knife is a synonym tools. sickle harvesting knives are tools, often referred to as sickle, handle multi-use equipment. form more bent like a hook, thin and sharp, to cut Wo or mowing, the use of hand sickle handle, mow the head close to the ground. Early multi-stone, but also a small amount of bone, clam system, dental system, etc., the metal was invented, evolved into copper, and eventually fully transition to iron, often have different names in different regions, such as the wedge, Zhao, Guo, hooks and so on. sickle invention early in the Paleolithic have sickle shape, but also can not ask tools .
era of primitive agriculture is the major grain processing tools Chujiu. pestle, from the outset of the sub-Mu Chu and stone pestle. threshing hit with a wooden stick, some people will use sticks to hit one end of the thick trace net that are not easily de-grain, long-term position on the ground, hit a pound, so it formed a crater that accident. This pits the role of both gather grain, but also changes the role of grain, and do not result when ramming into the grain was shot too far, so Chujiu on the people that created an unexpected discovery.
Conclusion: 1, Chujiu invented in the early Neolithic; 2, early wooden pestle is also stone; 3, the early earth mortar is mortar; 4, used more for the history of stone mortar, mortar is also a lot of pottery, and wooden mortar; 5, regardless of mortar, pestle is made of what, as a double-tools Chujiu ; 7, Chujiu is a multi-functional processing tools, it can master the skills because of the different operators, while the grain threshing or grinding; so you can get real particles, but also get flour; 8, Chujiu is the invention of step pestle, and other mechanized Shueiduei the basis of grain processing tools.
vertebral (text) is the original agricultural age, an important tool for a wide application in agriculture is also used to hit the threshing, so it can be called tools. its structure, is a wooden stick early , but this stick may vary Lei, playing for the needs of text, may be a little thin and long shape. the late evolution of a new structure, that is, one end of the stick installed in a wood thick and short, and its function will have a new development, and may have a new name > In recent years, many around the excavated Neolithic stone triangle device reports different shapes, size, great range, long duration, until the Zhou Dynasty unearthed there. For the performance of triangular stone, There is no common understanding , and no accurate naming, and some called the stone plow, or plow shaped, or ground-breaking devices, some devices directly as stone triangle. Since being named as the Stone may have some relationship with the plow over the years, the plow has been an important research subject of agricultural history, agricultural history in the whole world historians have attracted wide attention. But the olden times, no one ever made a scientific determination plow standards, resulting in the formation of such objects are you say plow, he said, is to plow the type of objects, but there is no standard to judge the situation. triangular stone tools belonging to one of these objects. Therefore triangle to determine the stone is not with the plow on device the artifacts, first find out what objects can be determined for the plow, which involves the question of criteria for distinguishing the plow.
President that the plow should be divided into two categories, one is plowing plow the land, since its function is soil, plowing, pulverizer, to prepare for the planting of land, should be called a plow. The other is ditching plows, which were mainly small and medium sized planting furrow, the plow should be called columbines, Aquilegia is the development of car pilot. large ditches were mainly, should be called trenching plow. But no matter big plows, a small plow, plow or furrow plow, the most important conditions must be capable of continuous operation. It can be seen, plow must have two conditions: First, the tool must be able to complete from the soil, plowing, pulverizer operations; Second, completion of the operation, must be able to work continuously. columbine plow must have two conditions, one must able to complete the ditching operation; second plowing the same conditions, must be able to work continuously.
With this standard, you can initially determined: double-edged stone triangle devices, those smaller size, may be a human stretch of the original plow, and its main function is to sow ditching, ditching with columbine plow should be called.
resulting inferences are: the late primitive agriculture, may have a plow, but not plowing the land of imperfect shape of. This can only be human columbine pull the plow, only out of a width and depth of only a few centimeters of the V-minor groove. minor groove is playing a major role in the seed. so this can plow though known as the plow, but not with can not think of primitive agriculture community has entered a late stage of plowing.
so double-edged stone triangle control to open the prototype of the plow tools, while promoting the development of planting techniques also played a revolutionary role, and its historical significance is significant. but plowing has no practical effect, and the level of development of agricultural production from the overall point of view, has not yet developed to the plowing stage. It is said that stone triangle device (stone plow) to primitive agriculture to a new stage, is clearly the historical role of stone triangular device is too exaggerated. So the appearance of the stone triangle device, determine the stage of agricultural plowing into the wrong understanding.
device for single-edge triangular stone, is that Mr. may be Li Dao (Li) the source of the knife. broadly speaking, Li Dao plow (plow) the plow blade can also be seen as a special form. because it has one of the basic characteristics of the plow, that is a continuous operation. When the Plowshare narrowing the width of a line only when the Plowshare becomes Li Dao knife. So, as Li Dao knives and farm tools and implements plow (plow, plow Aquilegia) is not the principle of distinction. to the social background see also produce material factors Lai Dao sword.
agricultural implements in the original, the President also devoted to non-stone tools of the Stone Age. President that Neolithic stone tools represent a significant proportion, but other tools are also many materials, especially wood, bone, clam quality tools, not only in large quantities, and the variety, the original role of agriculture can not be ignored. This is because the transformation of mankind from ape to man in the process, most likely get the tool is naturally occurring in nature sticks and stones. and stick and stones as tools to have their own advantages and disadvantages, for example, the stick can be directly extended the length of one arm, while the stones were only indirectly extend the arm length; but to extend the length of the stones much longer than the stick, but the hit rate far less than the stick, and so on. Of course there are other complementary performance. to after the invention of agriculture, both wood and stone processing tools into each other , became each other with each other in a whole in the two components. In other words, in the era of primitive agriculture, wood and stone that always exists between the delicate relationship, no one can replace who, as the dominant agricultural production agricultural tools, but who also can not live Who. a combination of them one by one one by one combination of wood and stone tools and wooden tools and stone tools, but they can become the dominant tools of primitive agriculture, so the Stone Age stone tools have not dominate the world, wood tools in the Stone Age played a ; more accurate.
President also believes that: the ancient agricultural classified as more precisely. because the knife used to cut down trees cultivation stage is not primarily knives, but axes, 锛. on this point alone, said the are not a direct effect on the land, the land is directly on the fire. So at this stage called Leisi class tools, rather than the hoe. because we had never been the function of the hoe is defined as able to work in the plane dug some may have some tillage function, but this is not the main function of hoe, hoe do not have a symbolic significance. as a reference to the main task of cultivated land, but not the dominance of the plow, in a certain time and space still exists within the plow, spade, Diao Jue farming and farming. so primitive tools (descendants of the same tools) are the existence of universal and regional issues.
President also believes that: the original agricultural native of the tunnel fire by rubbing sticks. common phenomenon, regardless of current production and living, are very few things. sparks burst into people wearing fur, or leaves, the resulting combustion, this is a very logical thing. and stone to make fire fighting easier than the fire by rubbing sticks, so the invention and use of artificial fire, First, it should from the Business Western Zhou Dynasty, agriculture and farm tools, still moving forward according to their own laws, but the social nature has changed, from the primitive communal system of society into slavery society, from public ownership into private ownership. basically farming out the original farming methods into the stage of extensive farming; time and space in a small range, the seeds appeared intensive. Some tools is gradually emerging from its original state, into the improvements to enhance the initial stages of development; and began to use metal tools ushered in the dawn.
development of the basic tools of this age the situation is:
1, the invention of bronze technology and applications, is the Xia and Shang Zhou important sign of the times and social development. bronze for tools manufacturing, changes in the stone, wood, clam shells, bone implements manufacturing monopoly the situation five or six years, ushered in the metal for the manufacture of a new era of tools, and its social significance is profound. but with bronze tools, in this era, after all, is only a beginning, by the bronze own weaknesses and limitations and other kinds of conditions, the quantity and quality of bronze tools, have not reached the level of agricultural development around.
2, Xia and Shang Zhou era, most of the material is still used tools of stone, wood, bone, clam. but the brass instruments for the production of farm tools, farm implements so that the yield and quality are improved, a significant improvement in the overall level, thus promoting the development of farming technology. Meanwhile, some of the use of bronze tools, metal tools superior to people where there are the true feelings, which has been accepted, the development of metal tools to create mentally prepared.
3, Xia and Shang and Western Zhou era compared to the times of primitive agriculture, did not invent a wider variety of important tools. tools is the development of key performance various tools to improve and perfect their own.
4, the end of primitive society and the slave society in the early to flood control, flood control a large area as the main drainage works, is an important factor to promote the development of tools, from the soil is poor, body heavy Lei Si, with a battle that can not adapt to the nature of water management in agricultural engineering needs, then evolved by the Leisi bidentate wooden spade and the plow spade evolved rapidly. especially those with wooden teeth and three double teeth spade, both light, buried the resistance and small, the sky soil, move soil capacity than the other tools are obviously superior, the spade blade set after the installation of metal more sharp and durable. So shovel, spade, etc. Leisi gradually replaced as the Xia and Shang ditches the Western Zhou Dynasty, the construction of the main cultivated Ida tools.
5, the Xia and Shang Zhou era, the basic no plow plowing the land, although there may be ox-drawn plow Shang and Zhou dynasties, but the cow pull not plowing, but also in services such as cattle and cattle driving many of the technical issues do not pass, so plowing the land also depends mainly on manpower. But the shovel, spade, shovel in the mining capabilities, especially as deep plowing performance Jue (hoe) So this era Jue (hoe) class has been the development of tools, and more with the earlier copper Jue.
6, ditching plow (Aquilegia plow) in the Zhou Dynasty began to plow the land plowing transition. this time to adapt to pull people in to explore the plow frame structure; cattle and plow a reasonable binding mode; for tilling the soil of the Plowshare shape; service method of cattle. So there were many like this era of non-plow the plow type tools, which many transitional forms of agricultural implements, and some after a period of application, there are practical, so in the context of the local space and time saved, such as riding a plow, and so long 镵. Some After application, ineffective, or they were remodeling, there is no mass left to shape the tools, not even a formal name, the general being called or Lei Lei Si, plow. but it can be said to evolve from the Leisi the transition to the form of plow. which some in the future for some reason they were exhumed and re-applied. such as the Song Dynasty in some areas due to lack of promotion of cattle riding plow. some some reason, has been re-verified. as appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period Writing , the research Shang and Zhou dynasties of the After the farming and did not change the need for collective activities, therefore, the early human work in agriculture, still the main group activities, which is working to create the conditions for mutual cooperation between the. On the other hand, the original era, and people essentially equal between the human itself is free, so workers to create some mutual cooperation between the forms of labor, the existence of such completely objective environment, in this era of agricultural labor, cooperation is not a double or three nothing new, this is have a farming methods, and because of this approach widely used to plow the promotion of the Leisi process of transformation. Meanwhile, the
8, the premise must be two or two tools, resulting in a ; coupling farming, different times, different areas may change for different tools and different unions. until the modern and contemporary, in many regions can still see all kinds of co-cultivation Three Power The error.
10, as the harvesting tools, Xia and Shang Zhou era is still very sickle and sickle, shape and structure did not change in principle. The name of the age of harvest and other farm implements: